Stage 9 library

Describe the pathway of water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves in flowering plants, including absorption in root hair cells, transport through xylem and transpiration from the surface of leaves.

Describe the structure of the human excretory (renal) system and its function (limited to kidneys filtering blood to remove urea, which is excreted in urine).

Know that plants require minerals to maintain healthy growth and life processes (limited to magnesium to make chlorophyll and nitrates to make protein).

Know that photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and is the process by which plants make carbohydrates, using the energy from light.

Know and use the summary word equation for photosynthesis (carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll).

Discuss how fetal development is affected by the health of the mother, including the effect of diet, smoking and drugs.

Understand that the structure of the Periodic Table is related to the atomic structure of the elements and the Periodic Table can be used to predict an element’s structure and properties.

Understand that a molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically, through a covalent bond.

Describe a covalent bond as a bond made when a pair of electrons is shared by two atoms (limited to single bonds).

Describe an ion as an atom which has gained at least one electron to be negatively charged or lost at least one electron to be positively charged.

Describe an ionic bond as an attraction between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion.

Understand that the groups within the Periodic Table have trends in physical and chemical properties, using group 1 as an example.

Describe how the density of a substance relates to its mass in a defined volume.

Calculate and compare densities of solids, liquids and gases.

Know that elements and compounds exist in structures (simple or giant), and this influences their physical properties.

Use density to explain why objects float or sink in water.

Describe the difference between heat and temperature.

Know that energy is conserved, meaning it cannot be created or destroyed.

Know that thermal energy will always transfer from hotter regions or objects to colder ones, and this is known as heat dissipation.

Describe thermal transfer by the processes of conduction, convection and radiation.

Explain cooling by evaporation.

Describe the carbon cycle (limited to photosynthesis, respiration, feeding, decomposition and combustion).

Describe the historical and predicted future impacts of climate change, including sea level change, flooding, drought and extreme weather events.

Describe the consequences of asteroid collision with the Earth, including climate change and mass extinctions.